A Singapore Government Agency WebsiteHow to identify

Official website links end with .gov.sg

Government agencies communicate via .gov.sg websites
(e.g. go.gov.sg/open).Trusted websites

Secure websites use HTTPS

Look for a lock ( )or https:// as an added precaution. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.

Our Energy Story

Overview

Discover how the Singapore Energy Story sets the vision towards a net-zero energy future.

Energy Supply

Gain insights into the four switches that power Singapore’s economy and our daily lives.

Energy Demand

Discover ways to enhance energy efficiency and lower your carbon footprint.

Energy Grid

Explore how EMA ensures a reliable and secure energy supply for everyone.

Energy Market Landscape

Learn about the intricacies of Singapore’s energy market structure and operations.

Consumer Information

Electricity

Get tips on buying electricity and protecting your family from electrical hazards.

Gas

Learn about purchasing gas and safeguarding your family against gas hazards.

Solar

Access information on installing solar panels at your home and selling excess electricity to the national grid.

Regulations & Licences

Regulations

Stay up-to-date with the latest regulations, policies and frameworks governing the energy sector.

Licences

Learn about the licences that EMA issues to different stakeholders in the energy sector.

Regulatory Publications

Read about the Codes of Practice and Circulars that EMA publishes to regulate the energy sector.

Partnerships

Calls for Proposal

Collaborate with EMA in co-creating innovative solutions for the energy sector.

Consultations

Give your comments and feedback on EMA’s policies and regulations.

R&D Engagements

Discover how EMA works with stakeholders to catalyse new and innovative digital technologies.

Talent Development

Learn about EMA’s efforts in nurturing talent and cultivate interest in the energy sector.

Welcome to EMA's website. We would love to have your valuable feedback.

Chapter 2: Energy Transformation

Electricity Generation

In 2023, 10,275 ktoe (120 TWh) of energy inputs generated a gross electricity output of 4,934 ktoe (57 TWh). This was a 2% increase from 2022, reflecting the growth in electricity demand.

As of 1H 2024, 5,237 ktoe (61 TWh) of energy inputs generated a gross electricity output of 2,532 ktoe (29 TWh). 

Electricity Generation Input and Output

Electricity Generation Input and Output for 1H 2024
Electricity Generation Input and Output for 2023
Electricity Generation Input and Output for 2022
Electricity Generation Input and Output for 2021
Electricity Generation Input and Output for 2020
Electricity Generation Input and Output for 2019
Electricity Generation Input and Output for 2018

Note: Data for 2024 was as at Jun-2024.

Electricity Generation Industry

Generators Market Shares based on Electricity Generation

Tuas Power Generation, Senoko Energy and YTL PowerSeraya continued to hold significant market shares. However, their combined market share decreased from 53.3% in 2022 to 51.5% in 2023, due to a rise in electricity generation amongst other power generators. Taser Power increased its market share by 1.1 percentage points to reach 4.4%.

As of 1H 2024, Tuas Power Generation maintained the largest market share (19.6%), followed by Senoko Energy (18.2%). Keppel Merlimau Cogen (14.2%) emerged as the third largest player in the market.

Percentage Contribution to Total Electricity Generation (as at end period)

Note: Data for 2024 was as at Jun-2024.

Electricity Generation Capacity by Technology Type

Singapore's electricity generation capacity increased 2%, from 12,756 MW in 2022 to 13,062 MW in 2023. This was largely driven by the expanding solar PV systems, which saw a 46% increase in installed capacity.

In 2023, combined cycle gas turbine co-generation and tri-generation plants continued to account for the largest share (80% or 10,507 MW) of the total generation capacity. The remainder comprised of solar PVs (7% or 919 MWac), steam turbines (6% or 764 MW), waste-to-energy (3% or 393 MW), energy storage systems (2% or 200 MW), open cycle gas turbines (1% or 180 MW) and electricity import (1% or 100 MW).

In 1H 2024, there was a 5% decrease in the overall generation capacity, declining from 13,062 MW in Dec 2023 to 12,406 MW in Jun 2024.  This was primarily attributed to several generators being decommissioned in the 1H of 2024, resulting in a decrease of 656 MW in generation capacity. This decision was driven by operational and safety concerns as the units approached or reached the end of their operational lifespan. This decrease was partially offset by the continued expansion of the solar PV systems, which grew by 13% from 919 MWac in Dec 2023 to 1,038 MWac in 1H 2024.

Singapore's overall capacity remains robust and adaptable, despite the decommissioning of older generation units. The increasing trend in the solar generation capacity over the years is expected to continue, further bolstering Singapore's renewable energy development and sustainability efforts.

Electricity Generation Capacity by Technology Type (as at end period)

Note: 

1. Data for 2024 was as at Jun-2024.

2. The abovementioned electricity generation capacity was based on the registration of generation facilities with Energy Market Company. For generation planning, the electricity generation capacity figures may be adjusted to account for fuel availability.

Fuel Mix for Electricity Generation

In 2023, natural gas accounted for 94.5% of Singapore’s fuel mix. Other energy products (e.g., municipal waste, biomass and solar) accounted for 4.3%, while coal (0.9%) and petroleum products (0.4%) accounted for the rest.

The natural gas fuel mix remained stable at 94.1% in 1H 2024. In the same period, other energy products accounted for 4.7% of the fuel mix, while coal and petroleum products contributed 0.9% and 0.3%, respectively.

Electricity Generation Fuel Mix

Note: Data for 2024 was as at Jun-2024.

Grid Emission Factor

The Grid Emission Factor (GEF) measures the average CO2 emissions emitted per unit of net electricity generation in the system by all grid-connected power units. The GEF includes generation technologies from main power producers (e.g. combined cycle power plants, waste-to-energy) and autoproducers (e.g. embedded co-generation plants and solar).1

The Build Margin (BM) emission factor refers to the average CO2 emissions emitted per unit of net electricity generation by the most recently built power units. Singapore’s BM emission factor trends lower than the GEF as the most recently built power plants are generally more efficient as compared to the older plants.

Singapore’s average GEF decreased from 0.417 kg CO2/kWh in 2022 to 0.412 kg CO2/kWh in 2023. This was largely due to higher proportion of solar in our fuel mix and lower diesel consumption in 2023 as compared to 2022.

1 Autoproducers refers to enterprises that produce electricity but for whom the production is not their principal activity. 

Grid Emission Factor

Energy Flows in the Oil Refining Sector

In 2022, a total of 43 Mtoe of refinery inputs (i.e. comprising 37 Mtoe of crude oil and natural gas liquids and 6 Mtoe of other feedstocks) were utilised by the oil refining sector, a 2% decrease from 44 Mtoe in 2021. These inputs were used for the production of refined products by the oil refineries.1

These inputs yielded an output of 42 Mtoe of petroleum products in 2022, 3% lower than the output of 43 Mtoe in 2021.2 The output of petroleum products recorded for light distillates (11 Mtoe) and middle distillates (20 Mtoe) were about 3% and 6% higher than their corresponding outputs in 2021. On the other hand, the recorded heavy distillates (11 Mtoe) were about 19% lower than their corresponding outputs in 2021.

1 An oil refinery takes crude oil and separates it into different fractions. The refinery then converts those fractions into usable products. These products are finally blended to produce finished petroleum products (e.g. gasoline, naphtha, jet fuels and fuel oils) as outputs.

2 Petroleum products can be classified under light distillates (e.g. LPG, gasoline, naphtha), middle distillates (e.g. kerosene, jet fuel, diesel), heavy distillates and residuum (e.g. heavy fuel oil, lubricating, wax).

Refinery Input and Output

Refinery Input and Output for 2022
Refinery Input and Output for 2021
Refinery Input and Output for 2020
Refinery Input and Output for 2019
Refinery Input and Output for 2018