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Our Energy Story

Overview

Discover how the Singapore Energy Story sets the vision towards a net-zero energy future.

Energy Supply

Gain insights into the four switches that power Singapore’s economy and our daily lives.

Energy Demand

Discover ways to enhance energy efficiency and lower your carbon footprint.

Energy Grid

Explore how EMA ensures a reliable and secure energy supply for everyone.

Energy Market Landscape

Learn about the intricacies of Singapore’s energy market structure and operations.

Regulations & Licences

Regulations

Stay up-to-date with the latest regulations, policies and frameworks governing the energy sector.

Licences

Learn about the licences that EMA issues to different stakeholders in the energy sector.

Regulatory Publications

Read about the Codes of Practice and Circulars that EMA publishes to regulate the energy sector.

Partnerships

Calls for Proposal

Collaborate with EMA in co-creating innovative solutions for the energy sector.

Consultations

Give your comments and feedback on EMA’s policies and regulations.

R&D Engagements

Discover how EMA works with stakeholders to catalyse new and innovative digital technologies.

Talent Development

Learn about EMA’s efforts in nurturing talent and cultivate interest in the energy sector.

Preparing for Solar

11 Mar 2025

What you should know before considering a solar photovoltaic (PV) system for your home or office.

Overview

A solar PV system uses solar panels to convert sunlight into electricity. The panels, which are made from semiconductor material, generate direct current (DC) electricity when exposed to sunlight.

An inverter then converts the DC electricity into alternating current (AC) electricity, which can be fed into a building’s AC distribution boards without affecting the quality of power supply.

There are two main types of solar PV systems: grid-connected (or grid-tied) and off-grid (or standalone) solar PV systems.

Diagram showing a grid-connected solar PV system configuration

Configuration of a grid-connected solar PV system (Source: Building and Construction Authority Handbook)

  • Solar Panel: The solar panel is made up of photovoltaic cells that convert solar irradiance into usable energy. These panels are responsible for creating a flow of electrons, which is used to power most household appliances and electronics.
  • Inverter: Converts direct current (DC) electricity into alternating current (AC) electricity, which is used to power most household appliances and electronics.
  • Switchboard: Distributes AC electricity to buildings for consumption
  • Electricity Meter: Measures electricity consumed from the grid and excess electricity generated by the solar that is exported back to the grid. Solar generation can be measured in two ways: using Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI) meters or through Solar Generation Profiling (SGP), which does not require physical AMI meter installation. A further explanation on the metering scheme can be found in this link.

As part of EMA's initiative to empower households to better manage their electricity consumption, all households will have AMI meters installed by 2026.

Rooftop Designs

Solar panels can be installed on various types of roofs, but the suitability often depends on the roof's material, pitch, and condition. Here are some common types of roofs where solar panels are typically installed:

  • Reinforced Concrete Roofs: Often found on commercial and industrial buildings. These roofs enable solar panels to be easily installed on these roofs with minimal modifications. It only requires mounting systems that can be ballasted (weighted down) or attached with penetrations to the roof.
  • Metal Roofs: Often found on landed residential, commercial, and industrial buildings. Metal roofs with seam profiles are ideal as the seam clamps allow the solar panels to be attached without drilling holes or penetrating the roof.
  • Tile Roofs: Both clay and concrete tiles are compatible with solar panels. Installation may require additional work to ensure the tiles are not damaged and that the mounting structure is securely attached.

Before installing solar panels, it is important to assess the condition and structure of your roof. If the roof is old or has existing issues, it may need repairs or reinforcement to safely support the new panels. Additionally, the Qualified Person (QP) must ensure that both the design and the installation of the PV system comply with SCDF’s fire safety requirements and other relevant codes. Typically, the solar installers will engage the QP to assess and provide the necessary provisions to ensure the system meets all prevailing regulations.

Applications of Solar PV Installations on Non-rooftop Areas

There are also other applications where solar PV systems are installed on non-rooftop areas such as:

  • Solar Farms: Large-scale solar PV installation on open land to generate large amount of green energy to be injected into the grid.
  • Floating Photovoltaics: Solar PV panels are installed on water bodies such as reservoirs and open sea space with large, buoyant platforms. These platforms are designed to support the weight of the solar panels and withstand water conditions.
  • Solar Canopies: Large canopy structures can incorporate solar panels to provide shade while generating electricity. It can be installed over parking lots, walkways, or outdoor areas.
  • Building-Integrated Photovoltaics (BIPV): Solar panels that are integrated directly into the building facades. This integration allows the building to generate electricity from sunlight while blending in with the architecture of the building.
  • Building-Attached Photovoltaics (BAPV): Solar panels that are mounted onto surfaces such as on building facades.

You may wish to consult the relevant regulatory agencies to deploy these solar PV systems.

Operation and Maintenance of Solar PV Systems

Once a solar PV system is commissioned and becomes operational, it requires regular operation and maintenance (O&M) to ensure optimal performance over the long term.

Proper O&M of the solar PV installations are crucial for ensuring optimal performance and longevity, which in turn could affect the return on investment.

Key considerations may include:

  • Regular inspections and cleaning to prevent dust and debris accumulation on the panels and other electrical components
  • Back-end monitoring of system performance to detect, alert and resolve issues promptly
  • Electrical safety checks to maintain system integrity and prevent hazards
  • Vegetation management to avoid shading and potential fire risks

Typically, solar vendors would provide a comprehensive O&M quote as an option which covers the scope of work and maintenance frequency required to maintain the solar PV system on an annual basis.

Solar Vendor Directory

The National Solar Repository provides a directory of businesses that design and install PV systems, including those providing specialised components like facade-integrated panels. You are encouraged to conduct your own research and exercise discretion when selecting a solar installer.