With year-round sunshine, solar energy emerges as Singapore’s most promising renewable energy source. But harnessing solar energy comes with challenges such as limited space and cloud cover on our little red dot.

“Unlike other countries, Singapore is in a unique situation whereby we do not have vast rural or empty spaces such as deserts and plains for solar deployment,” shared Sophie Gan, Senior Analyst with the Hydrogen & Sustainable Energies Office at the Energy Market Authority.

“So, we need to integrate solar within our urban city landscape, bringing it closer to homes where we live,” she added.

Over the years, Singapore has turned its land constraints into opportunities through innovative solar deployments. No longer confined to rooftops, solar deployments can now be found on reservoirs, offshore water spaces, temporary vacant land, and even sheltered walkways.

This has made Singapore to be one of the most solar-dense cities in the world today.

Presently, Singapore has a solar capacity of over 820 megawatt-peak (MWp) in end 2022. That is more than the halfway mark to meet our 2025 target of 1.5 gigawatt-peak (GWp). Looking forward, our aim is to have at least 2 GWp of solar installed by 2030. This achievement would effectively allow us to meet the annual electricity needs of about 350,000 households.

Behind the scenes of Singapore’s increasing solar deployment is a collective effort across the public sector, the private sector and individual households.

Among these are JTC’s SolarRoof programme, where companies lease out their roof space for solar panel installations. Additionally, the Housing & Development Board (HDB) has committed more than 8,400 HDB blocks to be fitted with solar panels under the SolarNova programme to date.

The residential sector is also experiencing remarkable solar growth. In 2022, private homes added a capacity of 12.1 MWp, surpassing the combined capacity of all private residential installations in 2019, a mere three years ago.

“Currently, most of our solar photovoltaic systems are on rooftops, but there’s a limit on the number of rooftops we have. To go beyond that, we are looking at other deployment sites which are more novel such as vertical solar installations on building facades and solar canopies over open areas like carparks, walkways and canals. We are also working with research institutes to develop colourful solar panels which can blend in better with our urban landscape.” said Sophie.

Beyond space limitations, Singapore’s tropical climate with its frequent cloudy and rainy weather poses another challenge. This can affect the power grid’s reliability as solar power output fluctuates even with just a passing cloud.

This is where energy storage systems come in. They work as large batteries to store energy and release it when needed.

We have made great strides to ensure grid resilience and achieved our energy storage target of 200 megawatt-hour (MWh) of energy storage systems ahead of time.

This was achieved with the deployment of the 285 MWh Sembcorp Energy Storage System (ESS) on Jurong Island, which officially opened in 2023. In a single discharge, this ESS can meet the electricity needs of around 24,000 four-room HDB households for one day.

Other tools are also used to overcome solar intermittency. A solar forecasting tool developed by the Solar Energy Research Institute of Singapore (SERIS) at the National University of Singapore completed its one-year trial in September 2022.

This tool is able to forecast solar irradiance across Singapore up to one hour ahead, allowing us to better anticipate solar power output ahead of time and take actions to keep the power grid stable.

From energy storage to forecasting tools, Singapore remains at the forefront of adopting innovative solutions to harness solar energy. This is important as we scale up other energy switches including low-carbon electricity imports and low-carbon technologies to achieve our net-zero goal by 2050.

“The real challenge is that there is no one-size-fits-all solution. Solar is currently our only viable domestic renewable energy source and with every solution, there are trade-offs which have to be made such as giving up spaces for recreational activities.”

“We hope that there will be greater public understanding around the benefits of solar energy and how it can help to fight climate change in Singapore,” said Sophie.